From what I understand the moment the earthquake hit Japan the control rods were shot into the core stopping the nuclear reaction. However even though the primary nuclear reaction has been stopped extreme amounts of heat are generated from the shut down reactor.
From this point on, all one would need is 5-7 days of cooling to get everything shut down safely.
The problem is that the cooling systems malfunctioned thus raising the temperature.
Fukushima is a so called boiling water reactor or BWR. (
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor)
The main Reactor Pressure Vessel (RPV) is a steel container with walls of around 10 cm. Inside this we find the fuel and control rods.
A BWR utilizes a closed loop cooling system which makes the coolant slightly radioactive. This loop goes through a heat exchanger and is cooled down by sea-water via a heat exchanger.
Around the RPV there is a thick concrete shell which adds to the protection.
Around this shell are normal factory walls. These are the square blocks we see on the pictures.
When the temperature rises, the pressure in the closed loop cooling system increases. To avoid an explosion the engineers opened the security valves and bled radioactive steam. This bleeding is done via special filters to reduce the amount of radioactive material released.
This steam contains hydrogen and this is what caused the explosions we have seen.
If the cooling of the core fails the uranium pellets in the fuel rods might drop out and fall to the bottom of the RPV. In a worst case scenario the nuclear reaction might start again. If this happens the core will melt itself out of the RPV causing huge enviromental damage.
digested from:
http://www.tu.no/innsikt/article283488.ece